Modified Toluidine Blue: an Alternative Stain for Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with many gastroduodenal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer (Uemura et al., 2001). The organism is the major cause of chronic active gastritis resulting in chronic atrophic gastritis and its end stage, gastric atrophy, which is believed to be a precancerous lesion (Pandey et al., 2010). Intestinal metaplasia, usually associated with atrophy, is generally regarded as a condition that is predisposed to malignancy as well (Pandey et al., 2010). Several studies have also shown that H. pylori played a major role in the pathogenesis of primary gastric lymphoma (Zullo et al., 2014). Several techniques are available to detect H. pylori infection, including biopsy, culture, PCR, imprint cytology, urea breath test, and serology (Barthel and